Essay about Affirmative Action a Permanent Approach

Affirmative Action: a Permanent Approach One of the hottest debates in recent history has been the validity of a Civil Rights policy called affirmative action. The policy proposes â€Å"preferential treatment† to certain groups based on their minority status, giving them an advantage in job employment and some areas of education. The question asked most often is whether it is constitutional to give advantages to certain groups, excluding some, based solely on their race or ethnicity. It is up to our legal system to use â€Å"strict scrutiny,† or consideration from every standpoint, to assess the issue, which is â€Å"a cost-benefit test measuring whether a law that falls (according to the Court itself) squarely within the prohibition of the equal†¦show more content†¦One argument is that affirmative action will reduce the quality of employees, thus harming our economy by employing workers who only get the job because of their ethnicity, not because of skill or qualifications. Libertarian opponent s of affirmative action say that its policies are inconsistent with the liberal individualism since they require giving benefits to individuals based on membership to a group. In past Supreme Court cases, Justices who have decided against affirmative action have done so because they think that it will encourage racial thinking and alienate minorities. As a matter of policy, the degree to which affirmative action does unintentionally encourage racial thinking is of great importance, but it has no constitutional significance. What is brought into constitutional questionability is whether the rights of the white population are being violated by the affirmative action policy. The question that should now be asked is whether the unemployment of whites due to the loss of their employment to minority groups is justified by affirmative action. According to those who support the policy, it will be. Sarah Stroud, who wrote an article in Social Theory and Practice, asks whether affirmativ e action should be â€Å"justified primarily by backward-looking or by forward-looking considerations,† whether it should â€Å"be limited to hiring or should also includeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Affirmative Action: A Road to Discrimination and Prejudice1761 Words   |  8 PagesAffirmative Action: A Road to Discrimination and Prejudice Affirmative action: these words bring to mind many different things to many different people. To some it is a leveler of the playing field and a right for past injustices, but to others it is a tool used to cause reverse discrimination and continues prejudices. Affirmative action was born into a time when our country was attempting to provide equality for all and was only intended to be a temporary measure to bring about this equalityRead MoreWhich Country Has Successfully Implemented the Policy of Affirmative Action and Why Did It Succeed?11582 Words   |  47 PagesIMPLEMENTING AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN NAMIBIA A summarised guide to the Affirmative Action (Employment) Act (Act 29 of 1998) published and distributed by Namibia Institute for Democracy Updated 3rd Edition  © April 2000 All rights reserved Contents by Dr.J.W.F. van Rooyen NAMIBIA INSTITUTE FOR DEMOCRACY Namibia Institute for Democracy 53 Independence Avenue P.O. Box 11956, Windhoek, Namibia Tel: (061) 229117/8 Fax: (061) 229119 E-mail: nid@mweb.com.na http://www/iwwn.com.na/nid Read MoreEssay on The Resistance to Change1410 Words   |  6 Pages and ignoring unintended consequences. First Barrier Through Alex’s actions in the case study, he was under planning. As the beginning of the case study begins, Alex is warned about the potential problems that are occurring at the department, but he chooses to ignore them. Through his discovery of three letters, he begins to notice that there actually are some inconsistencies within the department and decided to take action. As a leader, there are responsibilities that should not be neglected.Read MoreAffirmative Action Research Paper2403 Words   |  10 PagesAffirmative Action University of Phoenix Susan E. Ricard Since the beginning of affirmative action, there has been controversy about the program being an effective tool to eliminate discrimination in education and the workplace. Even though the numbers with affirmative action plans seemed to have improved the percentage of minorities in schools and workplaces, it does not work to mandate that people change. Once the mandates disappear the numbers begin to decrease. In its conception inRead MoreTeen Court Programs Should Be Established1034 Words   |  5 Pagesoffenders because they are given the opportunity to think about their actions and correct their wrongdoings. First-time offenders, teens who do not have a juvenile record, are typically kids who get involved with the wrong crowd and commit crimes such as underage drinking or shoplifting. These special court cases are not a determination of innocence or guilt, but a way of determining the appropriate reformative course of action for the defendant. Typical teen court sentencing options include communityRead More Managing Diversity Essay1812 Words   |  8 PagesDifferences that replenish energy and undermine productivity and performance in an organization extend to issues like personality styles (Gordon, 2000). Diversity management contains three (3) components: 1. Equal Employment Opportunity/Affirmative Action programs direct attention to laws that guide recruitment and promotion. 2. Valuing differences centers on interpersonal qualities that shape management’s relationships with their employees. 3. Managing diversity focuses on the diverse qualityRead MoreManaging Diversity1891 Words   |  8 PagesDifferences that replenish energy and undermine productivity and performance in an organization extend to issues like personality styles (Gordon, 2000). Diversity management contains three (3) components: 1. Equal Employment Opportunity/Affirmative Action programs direct attention to laws that guide recruitment and promotion. 2. Valuing differences centers on interpersonal qualities that shape management s relationships with their employees. 3. Managing diversity focuses on the diverse qualityRead MoreConflict Of The Case Of Online Defamation1299 Words   |  6 Pagesapply to the case at hand. There appear to be three stages involved: (a) the inquiry whether there is a conflict of policy, (b) the inquiry whether there is a conflict in application, and, (c) if the answer to the previous two questions is in the affirmative, the resolution of the resulting conflict. In the normal case, where the facts and events that are said to constitute the tort have all occurred in one country, there is no difficulty in deciding where the said wrong was committed. But a moreRead MoreAnalyzing Diversity Within The Workplace1061 Words   |  5 Pagesare different from one another whether it be ethnicity, religious beliefs, cultural differences, sexual orientation or gender identification, etc. This paper will analyze both the benefits and problems of a diversified workplace. Keywords: Affirmative Action; Diversity; Diversity Management; Diversity Training; Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Literature Review The understanding of race, class, and gender as well as systematic racism and chauvinism must be understood before any analysis of theRead MoreDeveloping Efficient Framework For Social Security Data Mining1606 Words   |  7 Pagesinfo to discriminate the requirement for a bias toward security. These measurements ar accustomed infer the state of the facility system that are classified as either â€Å"stressed† or â€Å"safe.† The system is found to be stressed if the right course of action is to enable the choice theme. Previous studies on PMU measurement-based on-line DSA implicitly suppose that wide space observance systems (WAMS) provide reliable measurements. However, in on-line DSA, PMU measurements will become unprocurable owing

Copyright Law And Its Effects On The World Of Art

Everyday new works of art are being created and are changing the world of art in new and exciting ways. Art being â€Å"something that is created with imagination and skill and that is beautiful or that expresses important ideas or feelings.† (A) Some of these works of art are music, videos, books, movies, pictures and so much more. Many of these creations are innovative and the owners would like to somehow keep their work protected as best they can. This is where Copyright Law is introduced to help protect their property. If another person or entity uses their work the owner would like to have rules and regulations to make sure that use is legal and not damaging to their work. Copyright Law is what protects these creations and allows the†¦show more content†¦50 years later the British Parliament enacted the Statute of Anne in 1710, which put a limit on how long someone’s printed work could be exclusively protected. That limit was 14 years and if still alive th e author could renew the term (C) In todays 21st century society an author’s copyrighted work is protected for the author’s life plus 70 years. (D) Copyright has been around for a very long time and has impacted the way owners protect their work and how exclusive an owner’s work is. Fast-forwarding to 1909, U.S Congress enacted the Copyright Act of 1909 and even further to 1976; U.S Congress amended the act of 1909 and named it the Copyright Act of 1976. Under Title 17 of the United States code Copyright Law exist and thanks to both the acts of 1909 and 1976 Section 1 provides us with this following paraphrased information: 1. Any person entitled thereto, upon complying with the provisions of this title shall have the exclusive right: a) to print, reprint, publish, copy and vend the copyrighted work; b) to translate the copyrighted work into other languages or make it dramatic if nondramatic, or to convert into a novel etc.; c,de) to deliver, read, or present the copyrighted work in public for a profit; f) to reproduce and distribute to public by sale or other transfer of ownership: Provided that the exclusive right

Presentor notes for Conceptual Nursing Models free essay sample

Slide 1 – This is Sister Calista Roy. Sister Roy’s Adaptation Model, referred to as RAM, was developed in 1960, but she continued to expand her conceptual model through the years. In the following slides, we will visit some of the main components of Sister Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing Concept. We have discussed the many different conceptual nursing models that affect the way we approach how we treat our patients. As a group, we selected Roy’s Adaptation Model (RAM) because it is the model we all most identify with. When assessing the various conceptual models, we found that RAM, when utilized used as an assessment tool, is an excellent concept in how to address or patients as whole individuals as opposed to just an illness or diagnosis. It helps nurses to consider all of the factors that may be affecting the patient, whether they are contributing to the loss of health or being capable in assisting to regain health. In the following slides, we will show how to utilize RAM in assessing the patient, identifying nursing diagnoses and factors affecting the patient’s health, and creating nursing care plans and appropriate goals based on this information. Ultimately, the goal is for us as nurses to identify what’s wrong and how we can effectively assist the patient in making changes to fix it. The RAM helps to encompass all of the factors affecting this process, not just the physical ones. Slide 2 The RAM conceptual model recognizes the individual as having bio-psychosocial components that affect their health. The nurse encourages and aides in assisting adaptation to these individual components by modifying external stimuli. The 4 ways a person adapts according to the RAM are: 1. Physiological – The basic physical needs required for survival. (E. g. food, water, oxygen, etc. ). 2. Self-Concept – This is how a person sees themselves or how they perceive themselves in the presence of other people in their environment. 3. Role Function – This refers to how a person socially interacts with other people and their need for social integrity. This can be seen in their roles and responsibilities in their life such as being a parent, a professional, or a friend. 4. Interdependence – This refers to how a person interacts with others to get help, affection and attention. Slide 3 These components help nurses to consider the different facets of each individual so that the patient may viewed as a multi-dimensional being, with all of the different perspectives of what affects each person taken into consideration as part of the nursing assessment. For example, first, what basic and immediate physical needs need to be tended to? Secondly, how does the patient’s self-concept affect their overall state? Thirdly, how do the patient’s roles in their life affect their ability for self-care? And finally, how does that patient go about getting what they need to be well? Are they able to ask for help? Are their methods for getting attention effective or self-destructive? These are examples of question nurses ask themselves as consideration for all of the factors affecting their patient’s total state of well-being. Slide 4 The RAM incorporates the four metaparadigm concepts of nursing, which are: person, health, environment, and nursing. The first metaparadigm of nursing addresses the person. The person is not just someone in the bed sick at the hospital. Nursing is concerned with them as a person in context to whatever environment they are in. The person can be sick or well. They may be considered as an individual or as part of a family or community. RAM relates because Roy considered that a person may have an individual self-concept, but they also perceive themselves in relation to others in their environment whether that be their family, employer, community, etc. The second metaparadigm, health is relative. A person may have terminal cancer, but they view their quality of life as good and feel healthy because their current treatments are relieving symptoms for now and their daily life remains relatively intact. Likewise, a person can be physically healthy but emotionally and psychologically unhealthy. RAM addresses health similarly. In RAM, a person is a bio-psychosocial being. The nurse is considering the whole person and their perception of themselves in their whole environment. Health in this area is also relative because the patient’s perception is taken into consideration. Slide 5 The third metaparadigm regarding environment, the nurse considers not just the immediate physical environment such as the hospital bed or clinic, but also whatever environment the patient is in. This could encompass both literal and figurative versions of their home life for example. All the internal and external influences that affect that person are considered as being a part of the environment in which they live. An example might be that while a person’s physical home is shabby, run down and without modern utilities and ample amounts of heat or food, their family is strong, supportive, loving and completely functional within their limitations. An alternate example would be a home that is affixed with all of the modern amenities, clean, warm and stocked with food, water and anything a child could ask for. However, if a child lives in this seemingly perfect home, but a loving, supportive and caring parent is either never present or if there is dysfunction in the family dynamics such as alcoholism or abuse, this impacts the environment as a whole. The RAM considers that the patient is affected by his or her environment and helps the nurse focus on how to assist them in adapting for a positive outcome. Finally, the fourth metaparadigm is that of nursing. Nurses care for individuals as well as communities, the sick and the healthy, by promoting overall health. Nurse may act as a care provider by tending to immediate physical needs of by taking the time to listen or advocate for the patient when they cannot for themselves. The nurse adapts according to what the patient needs to be well. RAM relates here as well because the role of the nurse changes according to what the person needs to adapt in order to achieve their health goals and an overall improved state of health. Slide 6 – There are 3 specific ways RAM can be used to improve nursing practice: formulate as assessment tool, use said tool to form nursing diagnoses, and to set goals. In slide #6, we discuss the assessment tool. To use RAM as the basis of an assessment tool, the nurse would use the four adaption modes of physiological, self-concept, role function and interdependence to gather pertinent data about the patient. For the physiological mode, the nurse would assess all that has to do with the physical body. Fundamental physical assessments such as vital signs, heart, lung and bowel sounds, skin condition such as turgor, color, tenting, neurovascular assessment including circulation, movement and sensation, intake and output patterns with nutrition and fluid status considerations are all examples of data obtained as part of the physiological mode of assessment. For the self-concept mode, the nurse would assess how a patient views themselves and in relation to others. An example of this would be a 60yr old female patient with colon cancer who might be feeling depressed and self-conscious about the colostomy she will need to save her life. For the role performance mode, the nurse would assess what effect the illness might have on the patient’s life in terms of their roles and responsibilities as they view them. For example, a father might be worried that he will not be able to provide for his family financially. Or, perhaps a woman who owns a family business may be concerned that the burden of operating the business while also caring for her children is resting solely on her spouse while she is ill and unable to assist with the daily duties. In the interdependence mode, the nurse would assess the patient’s support system. For example, an elderly woman who lives alone and has poor eyesight might be worried that her family will not have the time to assist her at home with her medications or be too proud to ask for help to the restroom when she needs assistance. Slide 7 – A secondary assessment is used to determine what stimuli are affecting the adaptive or lack of adaptive behavior. Stimuli affecting the patient’s response can be focal, contextual or residual. Here is a patient example where we can look and the different stimuli: A 50yr old man who presents with an exacerbation of COPD. Upon discussion and physical assessment, the nurse finds that the patient has a large amount of stress at home, mostly due to his chronic illness and continues to smoke despite his lung condition. He is only moderately compliant at best with his recommended medication regimen as prescribed by his doctor and admits he doesn’t know how to properly use his inhaler. A focused pulmonary assessment sounds reveal tight airways with moderate secretions and bilateral wheezing and lower lobe rhonchi. These finding are broken up into different types of stimuli as follows: Focal- Sputum and narrowed airways in a patient whose lung sounds reveal wheezing and rhonchi. Contextual- Patient history of COPD while having poor knowledge of how to self-manage the disease. Residual- The patient with COPD who continues to smoke to deal with stress in his/her family life. An effective assessment tool is needed to collect and document data on our patients so what we can identify abnormalities and monitor for changes. The assessment tool helps with the continuity of care so that the next nurse knows the patient’s baseline status as he or she performs their own assessment. Slide 8 – To use RAM as a tool to form a nursing diagnosis, the nurse collects data from all of the four modes and makes a statement (or nursing diagnosis) about the primary and secondary assessments as well as the stimuli thought to cause influence them. An example of appropriate nursing diagnosis based on the COPD patient’s assessment would be: Ineffective Airway Clearance due to excessive secretions. Being able to make a statement or nursing diagnosis about the data collected in the assessments performed as well as their possible contributing factors enables the nurse to identify areas that need attention in order to help the patient adapt in a more effective fashion. Slide 9 – By using the assessment data already collected, the nurse can easily set a nursing care plan and set appropriate patient goals based on the nursing diagnosis for areas that need improvement. For example, the gentleman with an exacerbation with COPD might have the following goals: Patient will maintain a patent airway and breath sounds clear, patient will demonstrate adequate airway clearance and will use effective methods of coughing, and patient will consider smoking cessation. Slides 10 11 – These are example of studies released or published that discuss that actual application of the RAM to the nursing process. In the study regarding menopausal women, the RAM was especially effective in that it addressed the psychological as well as the physical changes these women were experiencing. In the study in the International Journal of Nursing Education, Kaur, H. Mahal, R. (2012), they discussed the RAM as helping nurses to collect and organize information on their patient in a fashion that focuses on the meaningful data. This helps the nurse to identify those areas that need improvement and appropriately plan their care, goals and predictable outcomes around them. While some of the RAM concepts have seemed too abstract, as humans we are all aware of how some of these abstract concepts affect our daily lives, and are thus more than capable as empathetic beings, to adequately address these issues. Approaching patient care in a holistic fashion that addresses the whole patient allows for a more thorough assessment and meaningful approach to intervention and care.

Mrs. Miyagi free essay sample

My name is Paige. I live in an average town, I attend an average school, and in a lot of ways I am just an average senior just waiting to walk across that coveted stage and receive my well-deserved high school diploma. Looking back on these past seventeen years I can say that I have no regrets, although some of the choices I made have affected me in a negative way they have also molded me into the person I am today. The choices that have affected me the most are not what shoes I wore to school that day, but the people I chose to surround myself with. Some of these people were good while others were bad, but there is one individual who has affected me the most and I know that I will never forget Mrs. Haworth. The first day of my junior year I was not excited when I looked at my schedule and read â€Å"Biology II-Robin Haworth, Room 301†. I had never liked biology, I found it boring and the work tedious, I went to the counselor and protested but the chemistry class I wanted was full and I was stuck in biology land learning about niches and ecosystems. As I walked through the door I entered a dark room, with yellow lighting, and smelled disgustingly similar to tuna and popcorn. I took the last seat in the very back of the room and spotted my new science teacher. She had long brown hair, a long hallow face, and two devious eyes that glared at you from behind thin wire framed glasses. The bell rang and the rest of my classmates took their seats and Mrs. Haworth began to tell us how her class was going to be challenging and that if we weren’t up to the challenge she would gladly let us leave. The class was very challenging, and required a lot of outside attention. This was very difficult because I was juggling a new school, a new family, and a new job. My grades soon began to slip and just as I began to drown in a sea of zero’s Mrs. Haworth pulled me to safety and asked me about my life. I told her I was having a difficulty juggling my home life with school while working a part time job. She listened to me and I knew that she genuinely cared about my life and my well-being. After I told her about my basic problems she told me that she understood where I was coming from but I needed to learn how to manage my time better. Mrs. Haworth was no longer my lanky science teacher but my elder and somebody I could go to for guidance. My witty science teacher soon became my own Mr. Miyagi, pushing me to the extreme and letting me solve my own problems. If I made a C on a test she would hand it back and tell me to fix the ones I missed and tell her why I missed them. She neve r increased my grades but taught me how to study harder and that if I gave my all the first time I wouldn’t have any mistakes to fix. Mrs. Haworth never stopped pushing me, she knew I could do better and expected the best. And after many trials and even more errors my grade got better, but I was still having problems at home and I had no one to turn to or lean on. I had never shared my story with someone before but I knew that I could trust Mrs. Haworth and that she would not judge me on my past mistakes or how I was raised. I told her about my absent father and my mother who was never home. I told her about how I got caught up in the wrong crowd at my old school. I told her that I felt like the black sheep of my family and that I felt lost, lonely, and depressed. I told her how I wanted to do more with my life but everyone around me just wanted me to be average. I told her everything and she listened, and began to tell me her story. My teacher and myself have very similar stories, she also had two absent parents and that her only support group was her grandmother. She told me that her sister got caught up in the wrong crowd but she learned from her mistakes and decided that that wasn’t the life she wanted to live. She told me how in high school she never fit in because she cared more about learning and being the best she could be instead of partying on the weekend. She told me how she never listened to what others said and stayed on her own path and how she is happy and wouldn’t change anything. She told me that the mistakes I made in the past do not define me, but the lessons I learned from them did. I had never had an adult open up to me before and treat me as her equal. I still respected Mrs. Haworth but it was not because she was just my teacher but because I knew she had a hard life and worked her hardest so her kids wouldn’t go through the same thing. Mrs. Haworth never let anything stop her from doing what she wanted to do and in fact even exceeded her own expectations. Over the past year she has taught me something that no one else could and that is if I want to be extraordinary I am the only one who could make that happen. I might not be the smartest, funniest, or prettiest individual but I refuse to be average. I know that I am going to walk across that coveted stage and receive my diploma knowing that I did my best and begin my life with my own goals and dreams, and not what others expect from me. Mrs. Haworth taught me to make the most out of my life and she is a living example of how it is possible to come from nothing and be the best. I learned that does not matter what others expect of me but what I expect from myself and to never stop until I achieve it. Robin Haworth is not only my mentor and teacher, but also my friend and her words will be with me wherever I go.

Defamiliarization

Defamiliarization- Definition Defamiliarization refers to the artistic practice of compelling the audience to view the familiar in an unfamiliar or rather strange way so as to improve the perception of what is already familiar. Also known as ostranenie, the term defamiliarization was first used by Shklovsky in 1917 in the study, interpretation, discussion as well as evaluation of literature (Stacey, 1977)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Defamiliarization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reason of applying this art is to pass on the sensation of items as they are viewed rather than what they are known to be. This approach is a means of forcing people to experience the day to day happenings that are ordinary in new-fangled fashion through the application of art language. The artist by doing that creates a swing from the anticipated, ordinary in addition to normal form of perception into a new world exposure. A ccording to Shklovsky (1990), this method of art is intended to challenge the mind of the reader that she or he is compelled to perceive the ordinary differently and thus be glad about the text form and not just the meaning and the content. Defamiliarization boosts the pall of repetition that is unproductive including the modus operandi and political arguments that are often jammed by tendentiousness or even corruption. This ensures a renewed deliberation a probable result of art. Another role played by defamiliarisation is the adjustment of the mind in a manner of sweeping unpreparedness; to ensure the suspension of doubt. The mind of a person is forced to rethink the position in the world through spending of effort. The chief aim of applying this approach is to defamiliarize the usual or prosaic perceiptions. This is usually attained by application of such big collection of â€Å"deviant† linguistic tools such as metonymy, symbolism, metaphor, rhyme, rhythm as well as sophi sticated patterning of sounds plus sense. How to do things with words by Austin This is probably one of the highly applauded works by Austin. In this book Austin tries to apply the art of defamiliarization where he tries to make the reader of this piece of literature to view what they know in a different perspective. The creation of imaginary worlds as well as objects is what Austin applies as a means of defamiliarization (Theo, 1986). He tries to move from the predominant believe that the main objective of sentences is to stipulate facts, being â€Å"true† on instances when they manage and â€Å"false† on instances when they fail on that objective. Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Austin (1976) explores how some cases of language appear by their mere utterance, lead to performance of a certain act- saying leads to something being done. For instance, if so meone promises to perform a task, it is the definite utterance that is promising. In defamiliarization, Austin (1976) argues that sentences that contain truth values form a miniature part of the variety of statements. He tries to categorize statements into either performatives or constatives where the former is construed to mean statements that perform certain acts while the latter means those statements that describes the states of affairs. He introduces the performative utterance where he argues that as such do not carry truth values. For instance Austin (1976) proposes that, once something goes off beam as pertaining to such a performative statement, it can be said to be â€Å"unhappy†, maybe â€Å"infelicitous† instead of being false as is ordinarily viewed. In further usage of defamiliarization, Austin refers to these false statements as â€Å"misfires† where for example the said act is purported and rather does not take place. The distinction according to Austin between performatives and constatives is but illusionary. He classifies acts pertaining utterances as: lucutionary-the face value of the statement itself, Illocutionary- the act’s contextual purpose and perlucutionary- the outcome of the act on the listener (Stokes, 2007). The 3 speech act could be illustrated by an example where a person states, â€Å"its cold†, which is a locutionary act portraying how one is feeling. It can as well be taken in the situation of a house with an open window, as an act (illocutionary) a demand to have the window closed. As the one who hears the utterance responds by closing the window, the very words have performed an action. The title of this book can be said to be locutionary, implying that every time one applies words, he/she does an act. The book has a perlocutionary act of trying to convince the reader to believe in the accuracy of the supposition. Conclusion Looking at this entire framework that Austin is trying to put fourth, it is evident that he is trying to convince the reader that each utterance (with few exceptions) constitutes an act. This therefore constitutes defamiliarization in that he is forcing the reader to perceive what is familiar (utterances) in unfamiliar way (utterances are indeed actions).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Defamiliarization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Austin, John. How To Do Things With Words; 2nd Ed, Oxford University Press, 1976 Shklovsky, Viktor. â€Å"Art as Device†, in Theory of Prose, translated by, Benjamin Sher, Dalkey: Archive Press, 1990. Stacey Robert. Defamiliarization in language and literature: Michigan, Syracuse University Press, 1977 Stokes, Philip. Philosophy, the Great Thinkers, Capella, 2007. Theo, Henry. Linguistics and the study of literature, Rodopi, 1986. This essay on Defamiliarization was written and submitted by user Jaylyn Riggs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hobbes The Fool essays

Hobbes The Fool essays A covenant is a contracted agreement in which it is trusted that both persons will carry out their responsibility in time. This can be referred to as the keeping of a promise. The mutual transferring of right, is that which men call CONTRACT. This means that when you exchange something in return for something else you are binding yourself to the agreement of the exchange. One of the contractors, may deliver the thing contracted for on his part, and leave the other to perform his part at some determinate time after, and in the mean time be trusted; and then the contract on his part, is called PACT or COVENANT. When a person agrees to do something at a time in the future for someone or to someone they are being trusted to follow through, therefore giving their trusted word, making a promise. To promise that which is known to be impossible, is no covenant. Therefore, a person cannot be bound to a promise that requires an impossible thing to be accomplished. According to Hobbe s, there are two ways in which a person can be freed from a covenant, by performing; or by being forgiven. What I lawfully covenant, I cannot lawfully break. Hobbes explains that no matter what the circumstances, even covenants entered into by fear, in the condition of mere nature, are obligatory.5 Who breaks a covenant? Does a covenant become void if it seems to have a beneficial outcome on a party involved? Hobbes states that only one person reasons that the breaking of a covenant can be beneficial to ones life and that the reasoning that this person uses is false. Hobbes calls this unreasonable character the fool. To understand why Hobbes believes that the person who believes breaking a covenant could be to ones benefit is a fool, we must understand his definition of justice. Justice is the constant will of giving to every man his own. Me...

Excessive Force Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Excessive Force - Essay Example This essay will summarize the incident, analyze the use of force and will look into measures to prevent police misconduct. Police Officer Edward Krawetz was convicted of a felony assault in March 2012 for the use of excessive force. â€Å"Officer Krawetz was caught on video kicking Donna Levesque (suspect) in the face, while she sat on a curb, handcuffed, in May 2009† (Allen, 2012). Although Krawetz claimed self-defense, the video clearly showed the officer kicking Levesque hard after she kicked him. Other officers at the scene agreed that Officer Krawetz was never in danger. After a trial, Karawetz was sentenced to a 10 year suspension without pay and to undergo counseling. In addition, the police department served him with a notice of termination. He will appear to a board hearing made up with three panel officers in accordance with the Officer Bill of Rights on a later date. According to Eyewitness News 12, it was reported that the incident was Karawetz’s second conviction (Daly, 2012). Officer Krawetz was previously convicted for a misdemeanor assault in 2001. Given the outcome of Kara wetz’s actions, it can be assumed that termination from service was something that Karawetz was expecting. Regardless of the reason leading to the arrest of a suspect, police officers are required to demonstrate integrity beyond approach (Ortmeier, 2006). Officers should never use unnecessary force or violence unless the situation necessitates it. Although there is no standard operating procedure for evaluating excessive force when subduing a suspect, common sense plays a good role when apprehending a suspect after employing handcuffs. The Constitution and other laws place limits on how far the police can enforce the law using appropriate measures. The use of excessive force should be as low as possible unless the officer is being threatened or in danger. According to Segan’s (2012)